Key Points Introduction to Oxygen Oxygen is a fundamental element, symbolized as “O” and with an atomic number of 8, belonging to Group 16 (chalcogens) in the periodic table. It is a highly reactive nonmetal, existing as a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas at standard temperature and pressure, comprising about 21% of Earth’s atmosphere. Its…
(a) (i) The Concept of Atoms, Molecules, and Ions Atoms: An atom is the smallest unit of matter that retains the identity of an element. It consists of three fundamental particles: The protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus (center of the atom), while electrons are found in electron shells around the nucleus. The…
1: KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER 1.1 Overview of the Kinetic Theory of Matter The kinetic theory of matter states that all substances (solids, liquids, and gases) are made up of tiny particles (atoms, molecules, or ions) that are in constant motion. The behavior of these particles explains the properties of different states of matter and…
Definition of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons Aliphatic hydrocarbons are organic compounds consisting of carbon and hydrogen atoms arranged in straight chains, branched chains, or non-aromatic rings. These hydrocarbons are classified into three main homologous series: Hydrocarbons and Petroleum 1. Alkanes General Formula: CnH2n+2 Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons containing only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms. Properties: Physical…
Definition of Organic Compounds Organic compounds are chemical substances primarily composed of carbon and hydrogen, often combined with other elements like oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and halogens. These compounds are abundant in nature and form the basis of life, making up the structure of plants, animals, and other organisms. They are also the foundation for synthetic…
Stoichiometry Stoichiometry is the branch of chemistry that involves calculating the quantities of substances involved in chemical reactions. It uses balanced chemical equations to determine the relative amounts of reactants and products. Example: For the reaction: 2Hâ‚‚ + Oâ‚‚ → 2Hâ‚‚O If 2 moles of hydrogen (Hâ‚‚) react with 1 mole of oxygen (Oâ‚‚), 2…
1. Pure and Impure Substances: 2. Boiling and Melting Points: 3. Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures: 4. Chemical and Physical Changes: 5. Properties of the Components of a Mixture: In a mixture, each component retains its own properties. For example: 6. Separation Processes: Different methods are used to separate mixtures based on the physical properties of…