1. Fossil Record Overview: Fossils are the preserved remains or impressions of organisms from the past. The fossil record provides a chronological sequence of life forms and offers critical evidence of how organisms have changed over time. Types of Fossils: Evidence for Evolution: 2. Comparative Anatomy Overview: Comparative anatomy is the study of similarities and…
1. Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution Overview: Lamarck’s theory, known as the “Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics,” proposed that organisms evolve due to the influence of their environment. He suggested that: Example: Criticisms: 2. Darwin’s Theory of Evolution Overview: Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution is often referred to as natural selection. According to Darwin: Key…
Inheritance of Characters in Organisms Heredity refers to the passing on of traits (characteristics) from parents to offspring through the process of genetic transmission. In all living organisms, the genetic material is carried in genes, which are segments of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). These genes determine various characteristics such as height, eye color, and susceptibility to…
1. Types of Variation in Population Definition of Variation Variation refers to the differences that exist between individuals within a population. These differences may be physical (morphological), functional (physiological), or genetic. Variations are the foundation for evolutionary processes, as they allow organisms to adapt to their environments. Types of Variation 2. Morphological Variations Definition of…
1. Diseases 1. Common and Endemic Diseases Common Endemic Diseases in Nigeria 2. Easily Transmissible Diseases and Disease Syndromes Poliomyelitis (Polio) Cholera Tuberculosis (TB) Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) 3. Ecological Conditions Favoring Disease Spread Malaria Cholera and Typhoid Fever Meningitis Schistosomiasis 4. Biology of Disease Vectors and Control 5. Principles of Inoculation and Vaccination Inoculation…
Topics: a) (i) characteristics of different types of soil (sandy, loamy, clayey)i. soil structureii. porosity, capillarity and humus contentiii. Components of the soili. inorganicii. organiciii. soil organismsiv. Soil airv. Soil water                         …
Topics: (a) Population density and overcrowding.(b) Adaptation for survivali. Factors that bring about competitionii. Intra and inter-specific competitioniii. Relationship between competition and succession.(c) Factors affecting population sizes:i. Biotic (e.g. food, pest, disease, predation, competition, reproductive ability).ii. Abiotic (e.g. temperature, space, light, rainfall, topography, pressure, pH, etc.(d) Ecological successioni. primary successionii. secondary succession 1. Population Density…
Topics: a. Tropical rainforestb. Guinea savanna (southern and northern)c. Sudan Savannad. Deserte. Highlands of montane forests and grasslands of the Obudu, Jos, Mambilla Plateau. Local Nigerian Biomes Nigeria’s diverse geography supports a wide range of biomes, each with distinct climatic conditions, vegetation types, and wildlife. These biomes are generally categorized based on vegetation types and…
Topics: (a) Aquatic (e.g. ponds, streams, lakes seashores and mangrove swamps)(b) Terrestrial/arboreal (e.g. tree-tops of oil palm, abandoned farmland or a dry grassy (savanna) field, and burrow or hole. Natural Habitats A habitat is the natural environment in which an organism lives, and it provides the necessary resources for its survival. Habitats can be broadly…
Topics: (a) Energy flow in the ecosystem: food chains, food webs and trophic levels(b) Nutrient cycling in naturei. carbon cycleii. water cycleiii. Nitrogen cycle Symbiotic Interactions of Plants and Animals Symbiosis refers to a close and long-term interaction between two different species. There are several types of symbiotic relationships, which can be classified based on…
Topic Factors affecting the distribution of Organisms Factors Affecting the Distribution of Organisms Organisms are distributed across the Earth in particular patterns due to various factors that influence where they can survive and thrive. These factors can be divided into abiotic (non-living) and biotic (living) factors. i. Abiotic Factors Abiotic factors are the non-living components…
Topics: a. Nervous coordination:i. the components, structure and functions of the central nervous system;ii. The components and functions of the peripheral nervous systems;iii. Mechanism of transmission of impulses;iv. Reflex actionb. The sense organsi. skin (tactile)ii. nose (olfactory)iii. tongue (taste)iv. eye (sight)v. ear (auditory)c. Hormonal controli. animal hormonal system– Pituitary– thyroid– parathyroid– adrenal gland– pancreas– gonadsii….
SubTopics: a. meaning of growthb. Germination of seeds and conditions necessary for germination of seeds. A. Meaning of Growth B. Germination of Seeds Germination is the process by which a seed develops into a new plant. It involves the seed absorbing water, swelling, and eventually sprouting. For successful germination, several conditions must be met: Conditions…
Sub Topics a. A sexual reproductioni. Fission as in Parameciumii. Budding as in yeastiii. Natural vegetative propagationiv. Artificial vegetative propagation.b. sexual reproduction in flowering plantsi. Floral parts and their functionsii. Pollination and fertilizationiii. products of sexual reproductionc. Reproduction in mammalsi. structures and functions of the male and female reproductive organsii. Fertilization and development. (Fusion of…
Sub Topics: a. Tropic, tactic, nastic and sleep movements in plantsb. supporting tissues in animalsc. Types and functions of the skeletoni. Exoskeletonii. Endoskeletoniii. Functions of the skeleton in animals A. Tropic, Tactic, Nastic, and Sleep Movements in Plants 1. Tropic Movements 2. Tactic Movements 3. Nastic Movements 4. Sleep Movements B. Supporting Tissues in Animals…
Sub Topics: a. Types of excretory structures: contractile vacuole, flamecell, nephridium, Malpighian tubule, kidney, stoma and lenticel.b. Excretory mechanisms:i. Kidneysii. lungsii. skinc. Excretory products of plants A. Types of Excretory Structures Excretion is the process by which waste products of metabolism are removed from the body. Different organisms have evolved specialized structures for this function….
Sub Topics a. Respiratory organs and surfacesb. The mechanism of gaseous exchange in:i. Plantsii. Mammalsc. Aerobic respirationd. Anaerobic respiration A. Respiration Respiration is a biochemical process through which cells release energy from organic compounds (mainly glucose) and use it to perform various cellular activities. Unlike breathing, which is the physical process of taking in oxygen…
Topic: Transport A. Need for Transportation As organisms grow larger and more complex, they encounter challenges in transporting materials such as nutrients, gases, and waste products. In simple organisms, diffusion is sufficient to transport materials, but as size and complexity increase, more efficient systems are needed. Why Transportation is Needed: Factors Leading to the Need…
Topic: Nutrition Sub-Topics: LESSON CONTENT A. Modes of Nutrition 1. Autotrophic Nutrition 2. Heterotrophic Nutrition B. Types of Nutrition C. Plant Nutrition 1. Photosynthesis 2. Mineral Requirements D. Animal Nutrition 1. Classes of Food Substances 2. Food Tests 3. Mammalian Teeth 4. Mammalian Alimentary Canal 5. Digestive Enzymes Conclusion Nutrition is essential for growth, energy,…
Topic Internal Structure of a Flowering Plant Sub-Topics LESSON CONTENT A. Internal Structure of a Flowering Plant 1. The Root 2. The Stem 3. The Leaf 4. Supporting Tissues in Plants B. Internal Structure of a Mammal 1. Arrangement of Internal Organs 2. Description of Organs Comparative Analysis Feature Flowering Plant Mammal Transport System Xylem…
Topic Variety of Organisms Sub-Topics LESSON CONTENT A. Adaptive Colouration and Its Functions B. Behavioral Adaptations in Social Animals C. Structural Adaptations in Organisms Objectives and Adaptation Analysis
Topic Evolution Among Organisms Sub-Topics A. Monera (Prokaryotes) Examples Characteristics Evolutionary Significance Structural Complexity Prokaryotes: Organisms with no membrane-bound nucleus or organelles. Plasmids: Circular DNA molecules found in prokaryotes, often carrying genes for antibiotic resistance. Binary Fission: Asexual reproduction in which a cell divides into two genetically identical cells. B. Protista (Protozoans and Protophyta) Examples…
Topic Living Organisms Sub-Topics 1. Characteristics of Living Organisms Distinguishing Living from Non-living Things 2. Cell Structure and Functions of Cell Components Definition of a Cell Types of Cells Basic Cell Components (Common to Plant & Animal Cells) Additional Organelles Unique to Plant Cells Comparing Plant and Animal Cells Feature Plant Cell Animal Cell Cell…